In the periodic table there are several ways to organize it but when you look at it it's organized by groups ( Metals, Metalloids, nonmetals). It's also organized by atomic mass and number. If an atom is in the same group then they will have the same number of valence electrons.
Atoms and ions are two totally different things.
Atom- The object or element is neutral
Ion- The object or element has a positive or negative charge.
Atoms and ions of the same element have the same atomic number or number of protons. But the ions will have different numbers of valence electrons. When an element is a metal it losses electrons so it will have a positive charge. When an element is a nonmetal it will gain electrons so it will have a negative charge. That's exactly how ions are formed, whenever ions are gained or lost because then the atom will have a charge.
That's how ions and atoms are different.
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