7.4

Elements in the same group are more similar in their properties than elements in the same period. This is because these elements have the same # of valence electrons and their oxidation states are similar.

Elements in the same group tend to have similar properties because they have similar electron configurations but they have the same # of valence electrons.

K, Li, and Na have similar properties because they all react with air fast, they react with water fast as well.

When an atom of sodium reacts with a non-metal it tends to:

• Lose electrons
• Become a positive ion
• The electrical charge of the ion becomes +1
• Have an electron configuration of the element Neon
• Be more stable because the valence electrons are closer to the nucleus

  

7.3

The Heaviest elements have the smallest radii because as protons increase it brings the shells tighter.

Electronegativity decreases as you move down a group because there are more shells and the electrons are further away from the nucleus so it weakens the attraction.

It's easier to strip an electron from a non metal than from a metal because non metals like to gain electrons and metals like to lose electrons so it make sense that it would be harder to strip an electron from a non metal than a metal.

I think these trends are referred to as periodic because they are ongoing

7.1

Conclusion

1.) & 2.)  An element's spectrum is just like a fingerprint because each element's spectrum is unique. Each element has a unique elctron configuration which makes each spectrum different. When electrons enter the excited state they absorb energy which gives off light and that produces the spectrum. When the electrons return to the ground state energy is released. The spectrum goes away because there's no more energy left

Lab 4.1

1. A decrease in pressure causes the volume of a balloon to           Increase

                                                                                                  (increase, decrease or stay the same?)

As pressure decreases the volume rises. Such as the syringe example, when you put more pressure on it the volume decreases and when there's less pressure the volume increases

2. Adding more gas to a bottle ___________Increases_________ the pressure in that bottle.

                                                       (increases or decreases?)

As you add more gas that leaves less space for the particles to move around so there are more collisions which create more pressure. Inside the bottle.

3. As the volume of a cylinder is increased the pressure will ____________Decrease______________.

                                                                                               (increase, decrease or stay the same?)

The pressure will decrease because there's more volume. If you have more space that gives you less pressure. The syringe example again, when you put less pressure you have more air or volume on the inside. 

4. Increasing the pressure in a tire by adding more gas will cause the volume to ______Decrease_________ .

                                                           (increase, decrease or stay the same?)

When the pressure is increased there's less room for gas particles to move and there's less space so that decreases the volume inside the tires.

5. As the temperature of a closed container of water is increased the amount of water vapor  above the water causes a(n) __________Increase_______________ in vapor pressure.

                                          (increase, decrease or no change?)

The vapor pressure will increase because there is more limited space for the particle to move

6. As the air pressure above a liquid is increased by adding more air, the boiling point of the liquid will _________Decrease____________.  (increase, decrease, or remain the same?)

The boiling point of the liquid will decrease because it has more pressure on it.

7. If a balloon filled with air is taken under water to a depth of 10 feet, it’s volume will ___________Decrease___________ . (increase, decrease, or remain the same?)

it's volume will decrease because there's more pressure and that make there more room to move

8. The temperature of a beaker of boiling water will _______Increase___________ as more heat is  added.                                                                                  (increase, decrease, or remain the same?)

The temperature of a beaker of boiling water will increase because heat it constantly added

  

9. Hot air rises because it is _____Less________ dense the cold air around it.  

                                                  (less or more?)

Hot air is less dense than cold air because gases aren't as compact as a solid and that makes them rise

10.  When heated, the volume occupied by air in a balloon  will ____________decrease_______________ .

                       (increase, decrease or stay the same?)

When heated a balloon is compressed which decreases the volume because there's less space

Lab 3.1 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic compounds are hard, they don't have any conductivity and They have high boiling pionts. Covalent bonds on the other hand are brittle or easily broken and have low boiling points but they also don't have conductivity.

Ionic bonding is between metals and nonmetals. Ionic bonding transfers electrons. Non metals gain electrons and the metals lose them. Which means that instead of the electrons going to waste they are added to the nonmetal's electrons.

Covalent bonding is nonmetals only. This means that instead of the electrons being transferred they are shared between the elements. Since they're all nonmetals they have to feed off of eachother's electrons to be stable.

Covalent bonds lack conductivity as a solid or in a solution because they don't have any positive elements which means that they can't conduct electricity.

Ionic bonds can only conduct electricity in a solution because the elctrons can freely move and there can be positive elements because the electrons can be transferred to another molecule. In solids there is very little movement possible.

Lab 2.2 Bag of Ions & Periodic Table Chem Crunch

In the periodic table there are several ways to organize it but when you look at it it's organized by groups  ( Metals, Metalloids, nonmetals). It's also organized by atomic mass and number. If an atom is in the same group then they will have the same number of valence electrons.

Atoms and ions are two totally different things.

Atom- The object or element is neutral

Ion- The object or element has a positive or negative charge.

Atoms and ions of the same element have the same atomic number or number of protons. But the ions will have different numbers of valence electrons. When an element is a metal it losses electrons so it will have a positive charge. When an element is a nonmetal it will gain electrons so it will have a negative charge. That's exactly how ions are formed, whenever ions are gained or lost because then the atom will have a charge.

That's how ions and atoms are different.

Lab1-4 Physial & Chemical Change

Physical and chemical change can be easily mixed up. For instance, when a substance changes colors after something is added. Some people would think that it's a chemical change but it's only physical because it just changed the color it didn't change the chemical compositon of the substance

Physical Change-   Any process involving a substance's change from one state (gas, liquid, solid) to another without alteration of the chemical composition. ( Dictionay.com)

Ex.)  Freezing water is a physical change because both water and ice are H2O.

Chemical Change-    Any change from one state (gas, liquid, solid) which is accompanied by alteration of the chemical composition; any process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. ( Dictonary.com)

Ex.)  Making water out of hydrogen and oxygen

One thing that would convince methat a physical change has occurred is color change.

One thing that would convince me that a chemicalchange has occurrred is the bubbling or boiling of a substance.

When you're unsure you could use your reference tables or th internet to see if the two substances ar reactant to eachother.

Or

You could try to seperate the ixture and then see if it's different tan before.