Lab 3.1 Properties of Ionic and Covalent Compounds

Ionic compounds are hard, they don't have any conductivity and They have high boiling pionts. Covalent bonds on the other hand are brittle or easily broken and have low boiling points but they also don't have conductivity.

Ionic bonding is between metals and nonmetals. Ionic bonding transfers electrons. Non metals gain electrons and the metals lose them. Which means that instead of the electrons going to waste they are added to the nonmetal's electrons.

Covalent bonding is nonmetals only. This means that instead of the electrons being transferred they are shared between the elements. Since they're all nonmetals they have to feed off of eachother's electrons to be stable.

Covalent bonds lack conductivity as a solid or in a solution because they don't have any positive elements which means that they can't conduct electricity.

Ionic bonds can only conduct electricity in a solution because the elctrons can freely move and there can be positive elements because the electrons can be transferred to another molecule. In solids there is very little movement possible.

Lab 2.2 Bag of Ions & Periodic Table Chem Crunch

In the periodic table there are several ways to organize it but when you look at it it's organized by groups  ( Metals, Metalloids, nonmetals). It's also organized by atomic mass and number. If an atom is in the same group then they will have the same number of valence electrons.

Atoms and ions are two totally different things.

Atom- The object or element is neutral

Ion- The object or element has a positive or negative charge.

Atoms and ions of the same element have the same atomic number or number of protons. But the ions will have different numbers of valence electrons. When an element is a metal it losses electrons so it will have a positive charge. When an element is a nonmetal it will gain electrons so it will have a negative charge. That's exactly how ions are formed, whenever ions are gained or lost because then the atom will have a charge.

That's how ions and atoms are different.

Lab1-4 Physial & Chemical Change

Physical and chemical change can be easily mixed up. For instance, when a substance changes colors after something is added. Some people would think that it's a chemical change but it's only physical because it just changed the color it didn't change the chemical compositon of the substance

Physical Change-   Any process involving a substance's change from one state (gas, liquid, solid) to another without alteration of the chemical composition. ( Dictionay.com)

Ex.)  Freezing water is a physical change because both water and ice are H2O.

Chemical Change-    Any change from one state (gas, liquid, solid) which is accompanied by alteration of the chemical composition; any process in which one or more substances are changed into one or more different substances. ( Dictonary.com)

Ex.)  Making water out of hydrogen and oxygen

One thing that would convince methat a physical change has occurred is color change.

One thing that would convince me that a chemicalchange has occurrred is the bubbling or boiling of a substance.

When you're unsure you could use your reference tables or th internet to see if the two substances ar reactant to eachother.

Or

You could try to seperate the ixture and then see if it's different tan before.

Lab 1-3 Separation of a mixture

In this lab mainly we mixed iron, sand and salt together. Then one by one we separated the mixture with different substances such as water and heat. We also recorded the percentages of the substances in the mixture.


Afterwards, we recorded the experimental percentages of the substances. These values didn't match the original. The reason for this is because some substances were absorbed and some were dissolved into other substances.


To make the separation better we could've used more water or heat to make the iron turn to a gas.


To find the decimal to round to use the crapiest mesurment or the lowest decimal and round to that place.


In class we are talking about elements, compounds and mixtures. We're also working on particle diagrams for those elements, compounds and mixtures. What we're doing in class also helps with this lab because the practice with math and calculations and visual representation gives us an idea of what's going on. Great lessons = Great results.

Lab 1-2 Indirect Measurment

The Lab had numerous steps into getting your results. You had to compare many numbers. This lab was all about thickness of the objects and how to get that thickness. For example, the foils, HD foil was much thicker than regular foil but they looked similar. So you had to take the mass of the foils then get the volume by dividing that mass by the density of aluminum, which gave you the thickness. My group then compared the two and they were very different in size but similar in appearance. For The copper it was the same pretty much because you had to get the same measurments. But on the end of the calculations you used the diameter formula.

1.) With the water displacement method it's not very accurate because even though the HD foil and the regular foil had differtent masses they might get the same volume which is incorrect. To get an accurate measurment you have to find the mass of the foil then divide the mass of the foil by the density of aluminum. that will give you the volume which is the thickness.

When you measure with a ruler it's the same as water displacement it's inaccurate. in order to get the correct thickness you have to measure the legth with a ruler but not the width. Next, you have to perform the diameter formula which will give you the thickness.These are some methods to get accurate measurments.

2.)When calculating the actual thickness you can be confident if the answer has lots of decimals because normally if it's a precise measurment it won't be a whole number. For instance the thickness of someone's arm. for sure that won't be a whole number. That's why you should be confident if your answer has a lot of decimals.

3.) Some sources of error would be your reference table or your calculator because the numbers are rounded. The scale could be a source oferror as well because it could be a tenth off it there is any extra pressure on the scale.

I believe I could measure the thickness of a pen in a future experiment because it's cylindrical just like copper wire but it has different measurments. The pen might not have an exact measurment but if you try you'll find out.

Green Stuff Lab

First, I put 25ml of water in a beaker. Next, I poured the green stuff into a separate beaker. After that, I poured the green stuff into the water. Next, I put a few drops of the solution on aluminum foil. Lastly, I put the remains of the aluminum foil in the solution.

Something I observed during the lab was that the color changed when the green stuff was added to the water. This answers the question about the properties of the green stuff. Something else I observed was that the water bubbled when the green stuff was poured in. This answers the question about physical and chemical properties, that occurrence was a chemical change. I learned that the solution that water and copper chloride made was acidic because it burned through the aluminum foil. I also learned that when aluminum foil is added to that solution it can make copper.

Some practical use of what i learned today is to make large amounts of this solution and burn through certain items for fun or entertainment of others. Another practical use of what i learned today was to burn used aluminum foil to make copper.

A further experiment that i would conduct would be to use the same solution but use it on a variety of items not just aluminum foil. Plus you could separate the solution and use just water and just copper chloride in two different beakers and then the solution in a third beaker. This experiment could broaden the results.This lab taught me a lot about the physical and chemical properties of copper chloride.